A Farewell To Arms And The Lottery By Shirley Jackson

Kelly Warner 29 September 2017 EN 234 – Introduction to Fiction Setting and Symbolism In the novel â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† by Ernest Hemingway and the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, there are distinct similarities and differences in the setting and symbolism used throughout. In order to see what the authors are trying to say, from time to time, you have to look deeper into the facts in the writing and analyze. Both of these stories are extremely stimulating, while still being heartbreaking. The styles that these stories have make you as a reader see things differently in your own life and your own experiences. If you look at the similarities in these two stories, it is apparent that both of the authors use weather to†¦show more content†¦The weather also had meaningful symbolism in both of the stories that led to the plot and conclusion of the story. The rain in â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† has more meaning than what we initially read. Rain symbolized death. If you look at the first chapter, it reads, â€Å"In the fal l when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks blank with rain; the vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with autumn† (Hemingway, 4). There was an outbreak of fatal illnesses that killed seven thousand people, â€Å"At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera† (Hemingway, 7). Later on, Catherine tells Henry â€Å"I’m afraid of the rain because sometimes I see myself dead in it; and sometimes I see you dead in it† (Hemingway, 107). â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† and â€Å"The Lottery† both use religion as a form of symbolism. Henry describes the priest’s home of Abruzzi as a â€Å"place where the roads were frozen and hard as iron, where it was clear and cod and dry and the snow was dry and powdery† (Hemingway, 116). Even though the story showed glimpses of hope, Henry said â€Å"I bel ieved that life was a tragedy and knew it could only have one end† (Merrill). The author of â€Å"The Lottery† was a Christian woman, so I can see why the critic Helen Nebeker argued that â€Å"the three legs of theShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1149 Words   |  5 Pagesutilize their original purpose- or becoming outdated. In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, she highlights the detrimental causes of what happens when a tradition is continued, and the original history is forgotten. There are many traditions that are no longer followed today because they no longer serve a purpose, but in â€Å"The Lottery,† the outdated tradition is still being followed by the community. Due to the brutality of â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson warns of the consequences of simply following something justRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson, born on December 14, 1916, devotes much of her life to the writing of short stories and novels. Some of these include The Sundial, The Haunting of Hill House, and We Have Always Lived in the Castle. Jacksons stories, inspiring and influential to most, are also controversial to some. Her most controversial story, published in 1948 in The New Yorker, is The Lottery. The purpose for the writing of the story varies depending upon the reader, but some might say that it expressesRead More Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Inhumanity Exposed1161 Words   |  5 Pages Inhumanity Exposed in The Lottery nbsp; The story entitled The Lottery, written by Shirley Jackson is an intriguing and shocking parable. The Lottery is set in a small village on a clear summer day. Written in objective third person point of view, The Lottery keeps the reader in suspense as the story progresses. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The story begins June 27th on a clear and sunnyfull-summer day. From the very beginning, irony occurs in the storyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesRichard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean

Essay On Social Anxiety Disorder - 1267 Words

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is not a disease, nor can an individual contract it. It is a manifestation of one’s own perception of being rejected, humiliated, ignored or scrutinized, an incapacitating fear of social situations. SAD affects both children and adults, all ethnicities, men and women, although studies have shown that more women develop SAD than men and it is a global disorder. When an individual suffers from SAD, the routine life of these individuals can be affected. However, there is a better life with effective treatment but without treatment it is an agonizing and stressful psychological issue. Even with successful interventions being available, a factor as to why many individuals, with SAD, will not seek treatment, is for†¦show more content†¦This disorder is chronic, and never goes away. Those who suffer from this disorder may be seen by others as nervous, shy, unfriendly, or withdrawn. Ironically, these people want to make friends and be included in social interactions. Sufferers yearn for the ability to be social, open and friendly. However, the disorder inhibits them from being able to engage in these activities. In some instances, people with social anxiety disorder feel as though they have a deformity, or that they are look strange and feel defenseless when they are stared at. The direct cause of social anxiety disorder is unknown. However, as of 2002, there has been evidence linking social phobia to genetics, making it appear to be influenced by both physical and environmental factors. Social phobia (n.d.) writes that a group of researchers attending Yale discovered between human chromosomes 1, 3, and 11q have been connected to different anxiety disorders. Subsequently, since social anxiety disorder shares some of the same traits as panic disorder, it makes sense to think that these genes also are controlled by these same disorders. Additionally, it is said that the National Institute of Mental Health may have identified a gene that controls fear in mice. PET, or positron emission tomography scans have shown that those who suffer from social anxiety disorder have an increase in blood flow in the amygdala (the part of the brain thatShow MoreRelatedSocial Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Essay735 Words   |  3 Pages Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia) is the third largest mental health care problem in the world. Latest government epidemiological data show social phobia affects over 7% of the population at any given time. The lifetime prevalence rate (i.e., the chances of developing social anxiety disorder at any time during the lifespan) stands at above 13%. Definition: Social anxiety is the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people. Put anotherRead MoreEssay on Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1308 Words   |  6 PagesSocial anxiety disorder (social phobia) can be described as an extreme, persistent fear of being scrutinized or judged by others in social situations. This fear may lead to feelings of embarrassment, humiliation and self-consciousness. People who suffer from this condition may â€Å"feel powerless against their anxiety† (ADAA). These emotions often interfere with daily activities, such as school, work and personal relationships. The person might begin to withdraw socially or avoid situations in whichRead MoreEssay about Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1072 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Social Anxiety Disorder or social phobia, is the third largest mental health care problem in the world. (Stein, 2010) National statistical surveys carried out in 2002 in the United Kingdom suggest that the prevalence rates for social phobias among young people in the UK were around 4%. (National Statistics, 2002) ‘Social phobia is characterised by intense and persistent fear of social situations in which scrutiny and embarrassment could occur’. (Orsillo Hammond 2001, p.159)Read MoreEssay about Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1173 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorders is defined as a marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others (Cuncic). People who do not believe in this disorder think that it’s just shyness that is being pathologized (Cuncic). Just because you may be a little shy or a bit nervous on occasion doesnt mean that you have this condition. Social Anxiety Disorders are psychological problemsRead MoreRicky Williams and Social Anxiety Disorder Essay1922 Words   |  8 PagesRicky Williams and Social Anxiety Disorder Introduction As regular people of society, we tend to put celebrities up on a pedestal and view them as a higher being. We often think that they have perfect lives, having everything they could ever need even though, this is not the case. There are many situations, problems and other situations that occur behind the scenes that we do not know about that these celebrities face every day. Some of our heroes who we think are perfect may actually sufferRead More Social Anxiety Disorder Among Incoming College Students Essay example1516 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Anxiety Disorder Among Incoming College Students   Ã‚   When you are a senior in high school, you are the top dog. You have finally made it to the point where you now are on top of the food chain. The underclassman, freshmen, sophomores and juniors, look up to you. However, you soon will be leaving. Graduation rears itself around the corner and before you know it, June is here and you are walking across the stage to receive your diploma. You look out at the crowd and see Mom and Dad;Read MoreHow I Overcame Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Essay example1387 Words   |  6 Pagesof a panic disorder and those of an anxiety disorder. With each question I gave a nod in response, not a â€Å"yes†, not even a â€Å"yeah†, just a nod.â€Å"Have you ever experienced a rapid heartbeat, faintness of breath associated with these experiences?† I nodded. â€Å"Have you ever experienced sweating, numbness, shaking in this context† she asked. I nodded. A few minutes later, several question and several nods had brou ght her to a conclusion. I had a panic and anxiety disorder in relation to social stimuli whichRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian figures of a burden of the disease show that mental health problems occur in approximately 14% of young people aged 4–17 years, and 27 % in the 18–24-year-old age range. Most mental disorders, for example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, begin during youth 12–24 years of age, although they are often first detected later in life (Lawrence et al. 2015). Poor mental health is related to other health and development concerns inRead MoreEssay on Anxiety Disorder and the Different Types677 Words   |  3 PagesAnxiety is the most common type of psychiatric diagnosis and brings together several disorders. These disorders cause fear, worry, panic and apprehension. Anxiety is different from fear to the extent that it is a reaction to an anticipated problem and fear is a reaction to a present problem or danger. The fear, worry, panic and apprehension caused by anxiety disorders are out of proportion. People suffering from an anxiety disorder have difficulties coping with certain situations in life; anxietyRead MoreTreatment Plan for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will cover what obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is and how leisure education can be used to help these individuals who have been diagnosed with OCD. This essay will discuss the various characteristics that can be noticed with an individual who has been diagnosed with OCD and also introduce different leisure activities that can be used to help these individuals. The overall goal for this essay is to provide strong evidence showing that leisure education can be useful in helping individuals

Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain Management

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge and Attitudes of Pain Management. Answer: Introduction: Pain management is one of the desired skills required in nurses and physicians to provide relief to patients with acute clinical manifestations of disease (Barr eta l., 2013). It helps in improving the quality of care through effective pain assessment and management at regular intervals. Ineffective pain management can lead to adverse physical and psychological health outcome in patients, therefore pain management in critical to enhance delivery of care (Stang et al., 2014). This reflective essay particularly describes method of pain assessment and management of patient with cholecystitis after undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pain is often described as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience related with actual or potential tissue damage or injury that stimulate the nociceptors and invoke the sensation of pain in the affected person (Wiech, 2016). The perception of pain can range from mild, to discrete localized distress or agonizing ache and comprise of both physical and emotional aspects. Recent evidences suggest that pain perception is intimately related to cognitive processes and learning mechanisms and efforts are in progress to harness the power of the mind in treating pain and associated noxious stimuli. Classification of pain can be done depending upon the extent and duration of the perceived sensation and encompass acute and chronic types (Wiech, 2016). Acute pain has a sudden onset and lasts for limited time compared to the chronic pain that lasts longer. Acute pain results from impact on tissues such as bone, muscle or any organ that cause tissue injury and accompanies anxiety and other emotional disturbances (Hadzic, 2016). Contrarily, chronic pain is attributable to long term debilitating diseases accounting for tissue damage or nerve injury (Barr et al., 2013). However, chronic pain is resistant to medication and the sufferers are more prone to encounter mental health issues pertaining to depression or anxiety. The pathophysiology of pain has a complex interaction. It follows a long pathway by which neuron establishes connection with brain and spinal cord and stimulates them to perceive pain. Sensory neuron senses the pain at specific location and sends impulses to the spinal cord and then it travels to the thalamus of brain. The thalamus organizes the information and the sensory cortex interprets this message as pain. This signal is directed back to the location of pain by the motor neurons which lead to reaction of pain in individual (Rodriguez, 2015). During my nursing practice, once I came across a 32 years old patient who was admitted in the emergency department with severe abdominal pain on the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. The grimacing pain that the patient was encountering due to her prevailing clinical condition prompted me to undertake a suitable treatment regime in keeping with her clinical manifestations and signs. At this stage, my first nursing priority was to properly assess the patient with the use of an evidence based assessment tool to determine the cause and severity of pain (Bourdel et al., 2015). Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a pain assessmenttool to measure the pain intensity by virtue of 11 point scale or a 101 point scale in which 0 is applicable to the lowest perception of pain while 10 or 100 denotes highest intensity ofpain. NRS is a valid and feasible technique applicable to a wide range of patients to assess the pain intensity even trough telephonic conversations indicating a positive and signif icant correlation with the measures of pain intensity (Gupta, Drabik, Chakrabortty, 2016). Contrarily Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) is a comprehensible, easy to administer pain assessment tool that consists of a list of a list of adjectives accounting for various levels of pain intensity (Stang et al., 2014). Pain intensities encompassing from no pain to extreme pain can be estimated by virtue of VRS. It is found to be sensitive to the treatments that are further found to influence pain intensity. In a 4 point scale, pain is perceived ranging from no pain, mild, moderate to severe pain. Visual Analogue Scale and graphic rating scale are other tools that may be implemented in clinical setting (Reed Van Nostran, 2014). Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and Numerical rating scale (NRS) were used as a tool to assess the pain in the patient rated on a 10 point scale. It helped in evaluating the impact of pain as well as severity of pain. The research by (Pag et al., 2012) investigated the validati on of numerical rating scale for measuring pain intensity and unpleasantness in acute pain and it showed that numerical assessment tool has high accuracy and sensitivity for analyzing the pain intensity and patients discomfort level. The first step that I carried out for pain assessment of patient was to inquire about the location, characteristics and pattern of pain. The first step was to document the patients self-report of pain as this helps in getting an initial idea about level of complications and risk of cognitive impairment in patient (Dorflinger et al., 2013, Duke et al., 2013). On inquiry from patient, it was found that pain started first in the epigastrium which then became localized in the upper right quadrant of stomach. The patient also reported that pain worsens during coughing and movement. The second step during pain assessment is to make assumptions of pain if there is lack of reliable self-report of pain. However, in my patients case, she was able to effectively report on duration and location of pain. Now I used the verbal rating scale to assess the behavioral indicators of pain. This tool is also useful to monitor behavioral indicators of pain when critically ill patients cannot self-report o n the severity and characteristics of pain (Chanques et al., 2014, Voshall et al., 2013). On observation of patients behavior, she was found to be anxious and very uncomfortable as her abdominal pain was associated with nausea and vomiting too. This was evident from facial expression and grimacing sign of patient. I also used verbal rating scale which consist of adjectives like no pain and a score of 0, followed by mild, moderate and sever pain in which the score also goes on increasing with increasing intensity. On the other hand numerical rating scale is dependent on judging the severity of pain on a score of 0 to 10. Therefore after pain assessment, the pain score was 10/10 and after trial with analgesics like IM Pethidine and IV tramadol, the pain score subsided to 5/10. Pain assessment helped in predicting the cause and nature of pain, however actual of pain could be diagnosed only after physical test. The main physical test ordered for the patient included liver function test, abdominal ultrasound, CT and X-ray, and cholecystogarm test. Liver function test was important to see elevated level of lipase or bilirubin. Finally diagnosis and cause of pain was finally determined by physician as the reports revealed that the patients gall bladder wall had thickened and there was presence of pericholecystic fluid in it. Therefore the patient was diagnosed with cholecystitis.This was confirmed because cholecystitis occurs when there is stone on bile product or gall bladder and increased bacteria in the bile lead to production of pericholecystic fluid (Allen, S. N. (2013). The psychological aspect of pain perception in patients is vital to improvise novel pain abatement methods and techniques. Psychology in pain is guided by two pivotal components of emotion al and behavioral factors that in turn affect the consequences in healthcare setting and should be adequately addressed by the healthcare professionals to allow a holistic mode of treatment (Stankovi?Valerjev, 2014). The main challenge in pain management occurred after the patient was operated for laparoscopic cholecyctectomy. Post operation also, the pain assessment was done with numerical pain assessment tool and the numerical pain score was 7/10. At this point, it was necessary to provide patient pain medication according to best practice guidelines for pain management. She was given tramadol medicine to relieve pain. This was in compliance with best practice guideline as there are many evidences which prove that tramadol hyrocholride is effective for post-operative pain management (Barr et al., 2013). Study by Husic et al., 2015 also compared the efficacy of this analgesic for treating post-operative pain and it was found that the total pain was single dose of this medication is more effective than combination of analgesics acetaminophen-propoxyphene. However, it is necessary that patients be made aware of complications as taking tramadol caused dizziness in patients. Therefore, use of tramod ol along with arcoxia, nexium and IV unasyn helped in gradually eliminating the patients level of pain. In the next few days, her pain was assessed form time to time and she was encouraged to ambulate. Finally, her pain score subsided form 7/10 in the 1st day post operation to 1/10 on the day of discharge. Pain perception was also reduced through appropriate analgesic administration. However in certain instances patient may refuse to take pain killers due to the notion of having the possibility of side effects or associated health discomforts from consuming the analgesic medicines. Thus congruency was maintained throughout the post operative session to deal with the patients clinical condition. As part of physical therapy the physiotherapist is entitled to look after the pain mitigation strategy to ensure better recovery and improved health status. Autonomic and pain processing are found to be influenced due to deep and slow breathing techniques and hence deep breathing exercises we re recommended for the concerned patient (Busch et al., 2012). For the patient, ambulatory movement was encouraged to allow mobility and improving the range of movement (Long-Lasting Relief, 2015). Careful analysis of the situation as discussed in the preceding sections, I found that following the diagnosis of cholecystitis in the concerned patient the follow up regimes and interventions and medications applied could be better implemented and applied that might have accounted for quicker recovery and improved outcomes in the patient. I also got to know the distinction between normal abdominal pain compared to the type of pain perceived during cholecystitis. It was understood in course of the patient handling by virtue of the data obtained from relevant diagnostic procedures and routine pathological examination. In the future, I would like to take care of this fact to reduce any complication and facilitate better recovery in patient. In the post operative care ambulation was recommended to maintain mobility and relive pain in combination with breathing exercise (Dobson et al., 2014). Research proposed that exercise intervention harbored positive benefits in mitigating pain during post surgery session. In achieving the optimized results, I collaborated with the registered physiotherapist at the hospital to provide respite with the patient in a holistic manner. This was the important learning during my experience of treating the patient and it helped in bringing positive change in my skills of managing pain in critically ill patient. In course of the treatment modality carried in case of the patient, I experienced certain hands on experience and knowledge regarding the symptoms and interventions relevant to the specific situation of acute cholecystitis. The distinction between normal abdominal pain compared to the type of pain perceived during cholecystitis was understood in course of the patient handling by virtue of the data obtained from relevant diagnostic procedures and routine pathological examination. Knowledge regarding choice of medications for case appropriate situations both in pre as well as post operative surgery scenarios was acquired during the treatment regime. An interdisciplinary pain management strategy might serve to address the issue of acute pain in patients that can be studied for bringing about optimum results (Gatchel et al., 2014, Schreiber et al., 2014, Tse Ho, 2014). Therefore, for future practice a collaborative framework for pain mitigation in patients undergoing surgery can be recommended to improve patient condition and resolve the clinical conditions with utmost precision and prudence. Pain management is a crucial aspect for pain reliving in patients with complications. Interventions related to pharmacologic treatment in conjunction with non-pharmacologic techniques are utilized to alleviate the symptoms of pain. Non-pharmacologic treatment includes application of physiotherapy, psychological counseling involving cognitive behavioral therapy and biofeedback mechanisms (Macintyre Schug, 2014).Thus pain management in nursing practice should lay emphasis upon collaborating with the interdisciplinary teams to ensure better heal th outcomes in patients suffering from pain. References Allen, S. N. (2013). Gallbladder disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.US Pharm,38(3), 33-41. Barr, J., Fraser, G. L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E. W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J. F., Coursin, D. B. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), 263-306. Bourdel, N., Alves, J., Pickering, G., Ramilo, I., Roman, H., Canis, M. (2015). Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?.Human reproduction update,21(1), 136-152. Busch, V., Magerl, W., Kern, U., Haas, J., Hajak, G., Eichhammer, P. (2012). The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processingan experimental study. Pain Medicine, 13(2), 215-228. Chanques, G., Pohlman, A., Kress, J. P., Molinari, N., De Jong, A., Jaber, S., Hall, J. B. (2014).Psychometric comparison of three behavioural scales for the assessment of pain in critically ill patients unable to self-report.Critical Care,18(5), 1. Dobson, J. L., McMillan, J., Li, L. (2014).Benefits of exercise intervention in reducing neuropathic pain.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience,8. Dorflinger, L., Kerns, R. D., Auerbach, S. M. (2013).Providers' roles in enhancing patients' adherence to pain self management.Translational behavioral medicine,3(1), 39-46. Duke, G., Haas, B. K., Yarbrough, S., Northam, S. (2013).Pain management knowledge and attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students and faculty.Pain Management Nursing, 14(1), 11-19. Gatchel, R. J., McGeary, D. D., McGeary, C. A., Lippe, B. (2014). Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: past, present, and future.American Psychologist,69(2), 119. Gupta, D., Drabik, A., Chakrabortty, S. (2016). A New Nominal Scale (Yes-No-Don't Know-YNDK Scale) and Its Correlation with Standard Ordinal Scale (Numerical Rating Scale-NRS): Our Experience Among University Based Pain Clinic Patients. Hadzic, A. (2016). Textbook of regional anesthesia and acute pain management. Mcgraw-Hill Education. Husic, S., Izic, S., Matic, S., Sukalo, A. (2015).Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of tramadol and paracetamol (acetaminophen) as pain therapy within palliative medicine.Materia socio-medica,27(1), 42. Long-Lasting, P. B. T. A., Relief, P. (2015).Pain Management Pain Management. Macintyre, P. E., Schug, S. A. (2014).Acute pain management: a practical guide. CRC Press. Pag, M. G., Katz, J., Stinson, J., Isaac, L., Martin-Pichora, A. L., Campbell, F. (2012). Validation of the numerical rating scale for pain intensity and unpleasantness in pediatric acute postoperative pain: sensitivity to change over time.The Journal of Pain,13(4), 359-369. Reed, M. D., Van Nostran, W. (2014). Assessing pain intensity with the visual analog scale: a plea for uniformity. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 54(3), 241-244. Rodriguez, L. (2015). Pathophysiology of pain: Implications for perioperative nursing.AORN journal,101(3), 338-344. Schreiber, J. A., Cantrell, D., Moe, K. A., Hench, J., McKinney, E., Lewis, C. P., Brockopp, D. (2014). Improving knowledge, assessment, and attitudes related to pain management: Evaluation of an intervention. Pain Management Nursing, 15(2), 474-481. Stang, A. S., Hartling, L., Fera, C., Johnson, D., Ali, S. (2014). Quality indicators for the assessment and management of pain in the emergency department: a systematic review. Pain Research and Management, 19(6), e179-e190. Stankovi?, N., Valerjev, P. (2014).Psychology of pain.InTre?isarajevskidanipsihologije. Tse, M. M. Y., Ho, S. S. (2014). Enhancing knowledge and attitudes in pain management: A pain management education program for nursing home staff.Pain Management Nursing, 15(1), 2-11. Voshall, B., Dunn, K. S., Shelestak, D. (2013).Knowledge and attitudes of pain management among nursing faculty.Pain Management Nursing, 14(4), e226-e235. Wiech, K. (2016). Deconstructing the sensation of pain: The influence of cognitive processes on pain perception. Science, 354(6312), 584-587.

Roman Soldier Essays - Military Of Ancient Rome, Centurion

Roman Soldier A. Joining the Army - Qualifications if any - Pay or benefits received - Initial training no boot camp in those days - Soldiers oath (page 6 Legionary book) B. Life at the Fort - Accommodations - Food - Showers bathrooms -Free time - No weekends off but had all religious holidays off - Religion - Temple of Mithras, he was most of the soldiers god, You had to pass 7 tests of skill to become of full Mithras brotherhood C. Duties - Sentry duty - Cooking / Cleaning - Working (pg. 16 Legionary book) - Built roads\bridges - Made tiles for public buildings - Built aqueducts - Drained marshes to build new forts on - Quarry, stones for buildings etc. - Polished iron armor and weaponry - Sweeping - Only a select few got out of bad jobs and they were clerks, cobblers, smiths D. The Centurion - Was the boss of all the soldiers who worked - Dress was much more elaborate - Carried a vine wood stick - was a badge of honor also used as a whip for disobedient soldiers - Professional\Officers -Were harsh taskmasters - Punishments - petty such as being late would be to make the soldier look like a fool and make them stand outside w/o weapons or armor to show he is not worthy to be a soldier - serious crime such as sleeping on guard or deserting resulted in flogging, rank lowered. At the time of war the penalty was death - If a unit disgraced itself in battle it might be "decimated" - 1 in 10 selected to be clubbed or stoned to death by the rest of the army - Decimation was stopped after Emperor Trajan ruled E. Family Life - Forbidden to marry - That was not strictly enforced - Was not unusual to keep wife and children in nearby homes F. Pay - Pay was low - Deductions were taken out for worn out gear, bedding food, boots, clothes etc. - Often got a bonus in pay to celebrate an important event (annual) I wanted to join the Roman Army ever since I was a young boy playing in the fields of my home in (NAME A TOWN OR CITY RELATED TO ROME HERE). My father was a legionaire in the Roman Army for 25 years. It was my goal in life to follow in his footsteps. The hard part of being a Legionaire in the Roman Army was not becoming a soldier. To become a soldier you jsut had to be somewhat physically fit and be at least 5 feet 8 inches tall. The pay for being a legionaire was also not all that attractive to me. I got paid 250(DOLLARS, PESOS, FRANCS) per month. There were many deductions taken out of that 250 that I did not like. Roughly 10 for my bedding, 80 for food and 60 for clothes. So after all those deductions I was not left with all that much. The signifer kept track of all my money and savings I had. When I first became a legionary there was no inital training or boot camp to become an official soldier. I just showed up and was given my equipment and instructed on where to go and what to do. I was given a few questions to make sure I was a genuine citizen before I could take the Soldiers Oath. After the oath I was given 4 motnhs bonus pay which was very nice and then instructed on which century I was to report to. A century is an 80 man company. Six centuries made a cohort and ten cohorts made up a legion. Living inside the fort was not all that bad. I was fed very well and my living quarters were quite fitting to me. The food I ate varied quite often. It all depended on what the men in teh auxillary killed while hunting. Most often it was buffalo which I have liked since I was a child. We all showered in a big open area made of concrete. We showered about once per week on average. The bathrooms were a large room with two long rows of benches on each side. It was a punishment if you were assigned to clean the bathroom. One of the things I did not like about living at the fort was that I got very little free time to myself. I worked from sunrise to sunset each day with